HASS-D Course Descriptions

Category 1 - Literary and Textual Studies
Category 2 - Language, Thought, and Value
Category 3 - Visual and Performing Arts
Category 4 - Cultural and Social Studies
Category 5 - Historical Studies

Category 1
Literary and Textual Studies

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21F.022 International Women's Voices (SP.461J)

This course will explore the rich diversity of women’s voices and experiences as reflected in writings and films from Chile, China, Haiti, India, Iran, Japan, Korea and Zimbabwe. Through close readings, class discussions and research projects related to each text, we will explore the cultural, social and political contexts which inform these narratives, with an emphasis on the roles that gender, familial ties and nationality play in shaping the underlying values of such works as Marjane Sartrapi’s graphic novel "Persepolis", Edwidge Danticat’s "The Farming of Bones", Arundhati Roy’s "The God of Small Things", Banana Yoshimoto’s "Kitchen", and Marie Myung-Ok Lee’s "Somebody’s Daughter".

21F.311 Introduction to French Culture

This subject is intended to develop command of spoken and written French, and to provide an introduction to modern French culture. It briefly examines the impact of major historical events on the construction of modern French national identity: 1789, the Third Republic, World War II, the Algeria War, decolonization. Focusing on France's twentieth-century profile, topics to be studied include the following: France and Europe; France and the US; France and developing countries; French territories and departments outside the Metropole; May ‘68 and education; France and immigrant cultures, and the way they have been represented by cinema, theater, and creative literature. Students make oral presentations throughout the semester. Students will also use the Web to stay abreast of current affairs in France and to establish links between the past and the present. Conducted entirely in French.

21F.716 Introduction to Contemporary Hispanic Literature and Film

This course studies representative twentieth and twenty-first-century texts and films from Spanish America and Spain. Emphasis is on developing strategies for analyzing the genres of the novel, the short story, the poem, the fictional film, and the theatrical script. The novels read this semester are Magali García Ramis’s “Felices días, Tío Sergio” (Puerto Rico) and Juan Rulfo's “Pedro Páram” (Mexico). We will study Lorca’s play “La casa de Bernarda Alba,” (Spain), films from Spain and Mexico , poems by Darío, Machado, Lorca, Hernández, Vallejo, Cernuda, and Luis Palés Matos, and short stories from Argentina, Cuba, Chile, and Spain, as well as literary chronicles on AIDS by the Chilean Lemebel. Thematic emphasis on the Spanish Civil War, changing attitudes toward gender and race, political exile and economic migration, and death and dying.

21L.003 Reading Fiction

This course teaches students about the historical and cultural dimensions of reading fiction through close readings. By learning the language of the work, students learn the language of literary description. Some questions we may consider include the following: How do we distinguish fiction from other types of prose narrative, such as history, biography, and anthropology? Why would an author choose to us a specific type of narrator? What are the benefits and limits to a biographical approach of reading a text? What is genre, and how does it affect the way we read a work of fiction? Readings vary per semester and section, but in the past have included works of fiction by Jane Austen, Anton Chekhov, Gustave Flaubert, Henry James, Charles Dickens, Herman Melville, Leo Tolstoy, Virginia Woolf, Kate Chopin, Paule Marshall, Alistair MacLeod, James Baldwin and Toni Morrison.

21L.004 Reading Poetry

An introduction to poetry in English, chiefly by British and American poets. We will explore the Renaissance, Romanticism, and Modernism in particular detail. Our focus will be less on names and dates than on tactics of analytic reading. Poets to be read may include Shakespeare, Wordsworth, Keats, Elizabeth Browning, Robert Frost, T.S. Eliot, Langston Hughes, Robert Lowell, and Elizabeth Bishop, as well as some contemporary writers.

21L.006 American Literature

We will explore some of the significant aspects of American writing since (roughly) the 17th century, with emphasis on certain crucial themes (the confrontation with Nature, the effort to build ideal communities, and work of ‘self-making’). Since this class carries CI designation, class participation is expected, as are frequent writing (and revision) and class presentations.

21L.007 World Literatures

What is world literature? Is it a common heritage of universal texts? Or a diverse set of literatures specific to language, place, and culture? In the first half of the class, we’ll read some acknowledge “classics,” originating in Greece, Persia, and China. Which developed mythological narratives around real events and historical people? We’ll also look at the ways materials, plots, and methods from these earlier works were reimagined and reprocessed in the 20th century, within or across national borders, within or across borders of genre and media. In the second half of the class, we’ll take a closer look at novels, poetry, and plays from Nigeria and Scotland, and trace the development of these two Anglophone national literatures within a colonial/postcolonial setting.

21L.009 Shakespeare

This class will focus on close reading of the Shakespeare text and its adaptation and performance on film. Roughly the first half of the term will be devoted to close analysis of specific scenes and passages in the text, while the second half will be spent in equally close analysis of film in relation to text. Plays will include "Midsummer Night's Dream", "Romeo and Juliet", "Henry IV, pt. 1", "Macbeth", "King Lear" and "The Tempest".

21L.012 Forms of Western Narrative

Examines several major storytelling genres in the Western tradition. In a given semester, these would likely include Biblical narrative, Homeric epic, Arthurian romance, novel (parts of Cervantes' "Don Quixote", plus one or two later works), folk tales, and film. We will ask why people tell stories, how they tell them, and why they might tell them the way they do. We'll consider both the changing formal properties of narratives and the historical, cultural, and technological factors that have influenced how tales got told. As a CI-H and HASS-D subject, the class involves substantial attention to students' writing and speaking abilities.

21L.421 Comedy

The class begins with the ancient Greeks. Aristophanes' comic revel, Lysistrata, allows for consideration of some basic tendencies of the genre: its utopian moment (progression through blockage and discord to resolution and the vision of a more harmonious society), its nihilistic moment (the dispelling of illusion and the experience of chaos), its eye for the domestic and everyday, and for the bodily life, its festive character, etc. We then move to various types of comedy - including satire, farce, comedy of manners, screwball comedy, tragi-comedy--as exemplified in works by modern authors and film directors like Shakespeare, Cervantes, Moliere, Austen, Wilde, Beckett, Chaplin, and Cukor. The class format is group discussion and group readings from the texts, with informal lectures by the instructor. Each student is required to do an in-class presentation on one of the assigned works; the presentation should focus on a representative passage from the work in such a way as to stimulate discussion.

21W.735 Writing and Reading the Essay

This subject offers students the opportunity to explore the genre of the essay, both by writing and reading intensively in the form. We will read accomplished writers of essays, beginning with Montaigne and focusing on both classic and contemporary essayists. Students will write both formal and informal essays on topics of their choosing and will get extensive practice in composing, revising, and editing their work. Classes alternate between discussions of published essays and workshops on students’ essays in progress. Individual conferences offer additional specific and personalized guidance.

21W.775 Writing about Nature and Environmental Issues

The purpose of this course is to introduce students to the traditions of American nature writing and environmental journalism, and for students to practice writing about nature and the environment. Readings include essays and journalism, from Emerson's “Nature” and selections from Thoreau's “Walden”, to contemporary authors such as Annie Dillard, Michael Pollan, David Quammen and Elizabeth Kolbert. We will view a documentary film on Ansel Adams, the great photographer of the American West, and one other documentary TBA. Students will be required to write and revise several essays, including one book review and one research-based essay.

SP.461 International Women's Voices (21F.022J)

Category 2
Language, Thought and Value

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9.48 Philosophical Issues in Brain Science (24.08J)

This subject is divided into three parts: (1) the nativism/empiricism debate; (2) perception; and (3) consciousness. Emphasis will be on an interdisciplinary approach. There will be six visiting speakers (distinguished philosophers and cognitive scientists) throughout the term, who will lecture on their work; there will be the opportunity to have lunch and/or dinner with the speaker afterwards. All reading materials and lecture notes will be available on the web.

17.01 Justice (24.04J)

This course explores the ideal of social justice. What we want to know is what makes a society just. Must a society protect individual liberties in order to be just? Which ones? Must a society ensure equality in order to be just? What kind? Can a society ensure both liberty and equality? We will approach these questions by studying three opposing theories of justice--utilitarianism, libertarianism, and egalitarian liberalism--each foundational to contemporary political thought and discourse. Readings will be drawn from J. S. Mill, John Rawls, Robert Nozick, G. A. Cohen, and others.

21F.059 Paradigms of European Thought and Culture

Who are the great thinkers of Western modernity and its critics? Luther, Descartes, Hobbes, Smith, Marx, Nietzsche, and Freud, to name but a few-- this subject gives you a critical introduction to European thought which left its marks on world civilization. A premium is placed on excellence in communication; papers, oral presentations, a final examination, and active participation in class discussions account for the term grade. Students are expected to demonstrate progress in critical analysis and expression.

21L.001 Foundations of Western Culture: Homer to Dante

This class will study representative texts from classical Greek and Roman antiquity—Homer’s "Odyssey", Sophocles’ "Oedipus Rex", Euripides’ "Medea", Plato’s "Symposium", and Ovid’s "Metamorphoses"—followed by selected works from the Hebrew Bible and New Testament. The class will then conclude with Dante’s "Inferno". The class format is group discussion, with informal lectures by the instructor.

21L.002 Foundations of Western Culture: The Making of the Modern World

Classic texts from the Renaissance to the twentieth century, by authors such as Shakespeare, Cervantes, Rousseau, Austen, Dostoevsky, Nietzsche, Kafka, and Joyce. Class discussions will concern the rise of modernity as a literary-philosophical as well as social-historical phenomenon.

21L.017 The Art of the Probable

How have human beings tried to gain some control over the uncertainties of life and living? “The Art of the Probable” approaches this fundamental question by focusing on probability: its history as an idea and its development as a guide to action. Studying a variety of literary texts and films alongside important texts in the history of mathematical probability, this subject seeks to reanimate the deep connections between art and scientific thought. Our reading will range from literary classics (e.g., Shakespeare’s “Hamlet” and Alexander Pope’s “Essay on Man”) to more popular literature (e.g, by H. G. Wells), and will also include philosophical and mathematical contributions crucial for the emergence of probabilistic reasoning (e.g., from Pascal, Fermat and Laplace). We will see how the combination of literature and science not only enables us to understand these domains differently, but also reveals a shared engagement with such important issues as free will, determinism and chance.

21L.448 Darwin and Design (21W.739J)

Before the 18th century, it was the general opinion that things like social and economic systems, machinery (for example, the machinery of the heavens), natural languages, or living things were either designed by some purposeful agency (such as God) or else came about by chance. The second alternative seemed most unlikely. Darwin offered a third alternative, natural selection, and thereby initiated a new way of thinking about a great many subjects. This is not only a cross-disciplinary subject, involving material from several fields, but also a theme for literature. How does a system express the presence of an intelligence behind it? The question doesn't apply only to natural objects but also to systems of human expression. Can people think? Can machines think? Can institutions think? We will take a look at some speculative and literary sources for posing such questions, including Voltaire, Malthus, Darwin, Hardy, H.G. Wells, Robert Louis Stevenson, Norbert Weiner, and A. Turing.

21W.739 Darwin and Design (21L.448J)

21W.747 Rhetoric

Against a backdrop of readings about rhetoric (ancient to modern), students select moral, philosophical, or conceptual issues to explore in essays and arguments. Students learn how to write to a particular audience, to explore assumptions, to analyze sources and texts, and to use evidence effectively. Students practice oral presentation skills (e.g., by giving speeches) and write several essays. Authors read range through the history of human thought. The majority of class time is spent in discussions and workshops.

24.00 Problems of Philosophy

The course has two goals. First, to give you a sense of what philosophers think about and why. Here we look at a number of perennial philosophical problems, including some or all of: how knowledge differs from "mere opinion," the objectivity (or not) of moral judgment, logical paradoxes, mind/body relations, the nature and possibility of free will, and how a person remains the same over time, as their bodily and psychological traits change. The second goal is to get you thinking philosophically yourself. This will help you develop your critical and argumentative skills more generally. Readings will be from late, great classical authors and influential contemporary figures.

24.01 Classics of Western Philosophy

This course will give you an introduction to the Western philosophical tradition, through the study of major figures such as Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Hume, Kant, Sartre. Through reading their works, you will get to grips with some questions that have been significant to philosophy from its beginnings, including questions about, for example, the nature of the mind and soul, the existence of God, the foundations of knowledge, ethics and the good life. Second, you will develop your own philosophical and analytical skills, in the process of understanding and evaluating these philosophers. We will be taking special note of changes of intellectual outlook over time, and the complex interplay of scientific, religious and political concerns that influence the development of philosophical ideas.

24.02 Moral Problems and the Good Life

The course will focus on issues that arise in contemporary public debate concerning matters of social justice. Topics will be drawn from the following list: euthanasia, abortion and reproductive technology, gay marriage, free speech, racism and racial profiling, affirmative action, environmentalism, hunger and global inequality. Students will be exposed to multiple points of view on the topics and will be given guidance in analyzing the moral frameworks informing opposing positions. The goal will be to provide the basis for respectful and informed discussion of matters of common moral concern.

24.04 Justice (17.01J)

24.06 Bioethics (STS.006J)

This course does not seek to provide answers to ethical questions. Instead, the course hopes to teach students two things. First, how do you recognize ethical or moral problems in science and medicine? When something does not feel right (whether cloning, or failing to clone) -- what exactly is the nature of the discomfort? What kind of tensions and conflicts exist within biomedicine? Second, how can you think productively about ethical and moral problems? What processes create them? Why do people disagree about them? How can an understanding of philosophy or history help resolve them? By the end of the course students will hopefully have sophisticated and nuanced ideas about problems in bioethics, even if they do not have comfortable answers.

24.08 Philosophical Issues in Brain Science (9.48J)

24.09 Minds and Machines

This course addresses some central issues in the philosophy of mind, mostly using readings from contemporary philosophers. No previous exposure to philosophy is presupposed, but students should be prepared to absorb a lot of unfamiliar technical vocabulary in a short space of time. One quarter of the 20 pages of writing will be in the form of short assignments. Talking about philosophy is one of the best ways of doing it, so discussion will be encouraged. At the end of the course students should have a good understanding of the main problems and the diverse attempts to solve them.

24.900 Introduction to Linguistics

This class will provide some answers to basic questions about the nature of human language. Throughout the course, we will be learning (in many different ways) that human language is surprisingly intricate yet law-governed and a fascinating mental system. We will begin the class by asking certain questions about the human capacity for language. We will then explore certain aspects of core properties of this system. We will then return to the questions we asked at the beginning of the semester and reconsider how, for example children acquire language, how adults acquire new languages, how spoken (and signed) language relates to written language, among others.

STS.006 Bioethics (24.06J)

STS.011 American Science: Ethical Conflicts and Political Choices

This subject examines ethical and political conflicts in American science across a number of disciplines and historical contexts. It explores the ethics and political consequences of nuclear weapons work, controversies over the use of human subjects in medical and social science research, the emergence of public interest science groups, and the experiences of scientific whistleblowers in corporations and government laboratories. It also examines recent controversies over alleged scientific fraud, asking to what extent the scientific community is capable of regulating its own behavior.

Category 3
Visual and Performing Arts

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4.301 Introduction to Visual Arts

This course is an introduction to artistic practice and critical visual thinking. Through a series of three studio-based projects students are lead through various stages of conceptual development, while also learning about materials and techniques. The three projects are “Body Extension,” involving sculptural, architectural, or corporeal art; “Shaping Time,” involving video and sound art; and “Made Public” involving site interventions and strategies for working in public. Lectures, screenings, guest presentations, field trips and readings supplement studio practice, thus providing an index to the historical, cultural and environmental forces that affect both the development of an artistic vision and the reception of a work of art. Each of the three assigned projects concludes with a final presentation and critical discussion engaging the course participants. Students from all disciplines are encouraged and welcome to enroll.

4.601 Introduction to Art History

A survey of the Western tradition of visual arts from the 15th to 20th centuries examined in social and historical context. Particular attention is paid to gender and representation, patronage and the art market, and historical interactions between European and “non-European” cultures and societies. The roles that devotional practices, political institutions, science and trade played in shaping conceptions of art and the artist are among the issues considered.

4.602 Modern Art and Mass Culture

Primarily covering European and American art from the 19th century to the present day, this subject investigates intersections between objects of visual culture termed “fine art” (painting, sculpture, architecture, and eventually photography and video) and those visual forms designed by anonymous artists for mass distribution and consumption (advertising, caricature, comic books, graffiti, television, and fashion as well as “folk art,” “primitive art,” and other imagery taken from domains held to be outside “culture”). Theories of modernism and postmodernism will guide our discussion. Among the artists analyzed are Courbet, Manet, Gauguin, Picasso, Duchamp, Warhol, and postmodernists such as Cindy Sherman and Matthew Barney. Although historical in scope, the course will focus on the way artists have used the tension between fine art and mass culture to mobilize a critique of both. The course will consist of lectures, recitation discussions of readings, and museum visits. In keeping with HASS-D and CI guidelines, analytical papers are required as well as oral presentations.

4.605 Introduction to the History and Theory of Architecture

A survey of the history of architecture. The course treats buildings and environments (especially cities) in the dual context of cultural and intellectual history and the history of architecture as an autonomous discipline. It offers an introduction to the fundamental elements of architectural form, to methods of criticism, and to problems of historical analysis. The subject is taught in two one and a half hour lectures and one hour long recitation meetings per week.

4.614 Religious Architecture and Islamic Cultures

This course surveys the rich religious Islamic architecture that spans fourteen centuries and three continents: Asia, Africa, and Europe. Lectures, films, and discussions will elucidate the cultural varieties within an integrative Islamic setting as they are manifested in the forms, styles, functions, urban settings, and symbolism of religious architecture. The historical framework is divided into five broad periods: the formative (7th century), the classical (8-10th century), the medieval (11-14th century), the age of empires (15-18th century), and the modern (19th century-present). Within each period, the major historical, political and intellectual developments are studied in conjunction with their architectural, artistic, and stylistic ones. For more information regarding this class see the website at http://web.mit.edu/4.614/www/.

21A.113 The Supernatural in Music, Literature and Culture (21M.013J)

In this subject we investigate the Supernatural in a number of key symphonic and operatic works through their literary and cultural antecedents---from 1600 to 1960. The topic is divided into three sections: Witches, Magi and Ghosts, providing a chronological context. Focus extends from original depositions of accused witches to live performances of Schubert songs and screenings of films such as Kurasawa’s “Throne of Blood” and Murnau’s “Faust”. Operas will be studied, based not on musical scores, but rather through the medium of film, allowing students the opportunity to experience these works in terms of music, drama and visual qualities.

21L.005 Introduction to Drama

Drama combines the literary arts of storytelling and poetry with the world of live performance. A form of ritual as well as entertainment, drama has served to unite communities and challenge social norms. We will study and discuss plays that exemplify different kinds of dramatic structure; class members will also attend and review dramatic performances and have a chance to perform scenes on their own. In addition to nineteenth-century, modern and contemporary plays, readings will range from ancient Greece to medieval England, renaissance Spain and classical Japan.

21L.011 The Film Experience

The Film Experience is structured as a conversation between American and Global cinema, between classical and contemporary films. We will be exploring the film medium from various perspectives: historical, aesthetic, economic, and political. Adopting a broadly comparative approach, we will pay attention to the relationship of cinema to a range of other forms of media -- from literature, theater and painting to comics and video games. Format: one 90-minute lecture, one evening screening period and one discussion hour per week. Films will be shown on Tuesday evenings; copies will be available after the screening to assist in the writing of essays and in preparation for exams.

21L.013 The Supernatural in Music, Literature and Culture (21M.013J)

21L.016 Learning from the Past: Drama, Science, Performance (meets with 21M.616)

The primary theme of the class is to explore how England in the mid-seventeenth century became “a world turned upside down” by the new ideas and upheavals in religion, politics, and philosophy, ideas that would shape our modern world. Paying special attention to the “theatricality” of the new models and perspectives afforded by scientific experimentation, the class will read plays by Shakespeare, Tate, Brecht, Ford, Churchill, and Kushner, as well as primary and secondary texts from a wide range of disciplines. Students will also compose and perform in scenes based on that material.

21L.423 Folk Music of the British Isles and North America (21M.223J)

This course is a survey primarily of the ballad and fiddle traditions which developed in the British Isles in the 17-18th century and were then transplanted to the New World, wherein they both preserved their identity and absorbed the influences of the melting pot of cultures, most importantly, the African-American. Ballads and folk songs are sung in class, and the course reader and listening assignments supply critical and musical backgrounds and references.

21M.011 Introduction to Western Music

This subject is designed for any student interested in classical music, with or without prior experience. We explore in depth about four dozen examples of Western art music at its finest, broadened by excursions to concerts in the Boston area. Paper assignments cover a range of personal and analytic topics, including comparisons of diverse performances available through sites on YouTube. Readings are from two books: J. Kerman & G. Tomlinson’s “Listen”, 6th Edition (2008), an excellent survey; and N. Cook’s “Music: A Very Short Introduction” (1998), a concise and challenging look at the underlying assumptions of our class.

21M.013 The Supernatural in Music, Literature and Culture (21L.013J) (21A.113J)

21M.030 Introduction to World Music

Through studying selected musical traditions from around the world, this course explores the ways that music is both shaped by and gives shape to the cultural settings in which it is performed. Specific case studies – from Tuvan throat singing to Balinese gamelan and Latin American music – are examined closely through listening, analysis, and hands-on instruction. The syllabus centers around weekly listening assignments and readings from textbooks and supplementary reading and listening assignments, augmented by lecture/demonstrations concerts by master musicians from around the world.

21M.065 Introduction to Musical Composition

This course deals with the structure of sound, and how sounds can be organized in time. The computer will be used as a tool to explore these and related issues. Through in-class performance, various ways of organizing sonic events in time will be investigated. The focus of written assignments will be to develop musical ideas and notation methods that effectively transmit them to performers. There is no prerequisite for the class. All musical backgrounds are welcomed, including students without prior musical training.

21M.223 Folk Music of the British Isles and North America (21L.423J)

21M.226 Jazz

This subject provides a broad overview and introduction to one of America’s great indigenous art forms, jazz. The primary approach will be historical, surveying the development of jazz from its roots in Africa and America to its present situation as a multi-faceted music with global appeal. Characteristic styles, form innovations, and key performers within the jazz tradition will be discussed as well as significant social, cultural, and aesthetic influences. Further, the study of jazz will be related to Black music, American Popular music, the European concert music tradition and the general relation of music and society. Required text is M. Gridley, Jazz Styles. Recommended texts are: G. Schuller, “Early Jazz”; L. Porter & M. Ullman, “Jazz”; Leroi Jones, “Blues People”; and John Litweiler, “The Freedom Principle”. Many recordings are played in class to illustrate the development and diversity of jazz styles.

21M.301 Harmony and Counterpoint I

The purpose of this class is to gain a better understanding of classical music by learning to write it. It works best if followed by 21M.302, Harmony and Counterpoint II, but has been designed to stand alone. Students choosing this course need to know basic musical language such as key signatures and intervals and be able to read bass and treble clefs. The course contains a mixture of creative work and drill, and written work is assigned for virtually every meeting. Attendance is required because much of the learning takes place through examples worked out in class. As a final project, students compose a piece that will be performed in class.

21M.611 Foundations of Theater Practice

Memorable theatrical experiences are greater than the sum of their parts. Each language of theater - acting, directing, playwriting, sets, costumes, lighting, sound, music, movement, etc. - tells its own version of the play's narrative, and then all of these intricately told stories come together to create a layered event. We focus on the creative thinking and hands-on practices of diverse theater arts to receive both a practical introduction to these disciplines and to learn to assess the meaning they transmit when they come together in production. The class attends at least four professional theatrical productions that serve as the sources of the study of theater practice.

21M.616 Learning from the Past: Drama, Science, Performance (meets with 21L.016)

21M.617 Science and the Theatrical Imagination

21M.621 Theater and Cultural Diversity in the US (SP.595J)

This course will engage students in a discussion about issues of race and ethnic identity in the United States through an analysis of the work of African-American, Chicano, Puerto Rican, Native American, and Asian American theater artists and theatrical organizations. Through a combination of study and practice, students will learn how diverse theatrical styles and forms have been used to assert group identity, define terms of political activism, and explore issues that affect the lives of specific ethnic groups within the United States . We will attend at least two performances of professional theater in the Boston area.

21M.670 Traditions in American Concert Dance: Gender and Autobiography (SP.591J)

This course explores the forms, contents and contexts of world traditions in dance that played a crucial role in shaping American concert dance. For example, we will identify dances from an African American vernacular tradition that were transferred from the social space to the concert stage. We will explore the artistic lives of such American dance artists as Katherine Dunham, Pearl Primus and Alvin Ailey along with Isadora Duncan, Martha Graham, George Balanchine, and Merce Cunningham as American dance innovators. Class lectures and discussions will employ extensive viewing of film and videotape, and we will attend at least two dance concerts during the semester. As part of a teaching with technology initiative, students in this course will write dynamic web-papers which include embedded video clips.

SP.591 Traditions in American Concert Dance: Gender and Autobiography (21M.670J)

Category 4
Cultural and Social Studies

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3.986 The Human Past: Introduction to Archaeology

The lectures introduce the multidisciplinary nature of archaeology, both in theory and practice, through a comparative examination of the origins of agriculture and the rise of early civilizations in the ancient Near East and Mesoamerica. The laboratory sessions provide practical experience in aspects of archaeological field methods and analytical techniques including the examination of stone and ceramic artifacts and bone materials. Lab sessions have occasional problem sets which are completed outside of class.

11.002 Making Public Policy (17.30J)

This course is team taught by two faculty members: one each from the Department of Urban Studies and the Department of Political Science. Drawing on examples from policy areas such as defense, environment, education, health, and technology, we explore questions such as: How and why do some issues come to be seen as "public problems" requiring a governmental response, while others fail to get attention? Do we really need public policies, or does the government just make things worse? What determines the content and nature of public policies? Who decides public policy priorities? Does public policy ever accomplish anything worthwhile?

14.63 The American Labor Force in a Changing Economy

The course will examine current issues about work and the labor market-for example, immigration, the minimum wage, and effects of population aging. The course will be run as a seminar, and heavy emphasis will be placed on student participation.

14.72 Capitalism and Its Critics

Examines the theory and practice of market economies in the light of industrial history and the views of critical social theorists. Specific topics examined are the rise of modern corporation, industrial unionism, and the financial crisis which began in the fall of 2008 and its implications for the moral foundations of private property and a competitive market economy. Economic readings supplemented by sociological and political science texts. Literary texts are also used to highlight problems of social organization in a market economy. Includes readings by Ayn Rand, Milton Friedman, Max Weber, Joseph Schumpeter, Karl Marx, Karl Polanyi, and Hannah Arendt. Emphasis is placed on class discussion of specific texts. Students will be encouraged to ground their views in concrete textual and empirical material and to consider the implications of different arguments for economic research.

17.20 Introduction to the American Political Process

This class introduces students to recent research on democracy in the United States. It explores questions such as, to what extent do members of Congress represent their constituents’ interest and to what extent do public officials exploit their power to aid their reelection bids. The class also examines recent findings on heuristics and biases in citizens’ voting behavior, such as the tendency for voters to be myopic. Through the reading and writing assignments, students will learn to think analytically about democracy and understand the statistical tools used to study American government.

17.30 Making Public Policy (11.002J)

17.40 American Foreign Policy: Past, Present, and Future

This course covers the history of American foreign policy since 1914, current policy questions, and the future of U.S. Policy. History covered includes America’s main wars, interventions, and foreign policy crises, the two World Wars, the Korean and Vietnam wars, the Cuban missile crisis, and CIA coups in Iran and Guatemala. Current policy questions include the War on Terror, the War on Iraq, US-Iran, and China-Taiwan. Future questions include the likely impact of China’s rise to great power and the future of terrorism. Also covered: functional topic areas, including human rights, the global environment, foreign economic policy, and military policy. We focus on policy evaluation. What consequences did these policies produce for the U.S. and for other countries? Were/are these consequences good or bad?

17.42 Causes and Prevention of War

Course topic: The causes and prevention of interstate war. Course goal: Identifying and assessing means to prevent or control war. Hence we focus on manipulable or controllable causes. Covered topics include the dilemmas, misperceptions, hatreds, crimes, lies, myths, and blunders that caused wars of the past; the origins of these and other war-causes; the possible causes of wars of the future; and possible means to prevent such wars, including short-term policy steps and more utopian schemes. Covered cases include World War I, World War II, Korea, the Arab Israel conflict, and the Peloponnesian, Crimean, and Seven Years’ War.

17.50 Introduction to Comparative Politics

This class first offers some basic analytical frameworks -- culture, social structure, and institutions -- that you can use to examine a wide range of political outcomes. We then use these frameworks to understand (1) the relationship between democracy and economic development and (2) the relative centralization of political authority across countries. We will use theoretical arguments and a wide range of case studies to address several questions: Why are some countries democratic and others not? How does democracy affect economic development and political conflict? Why do some countries centralize power while others threaten to fall apart through secession and civil war? We will use examples from a wide range of countries including Brazil, Germany, Iraq, Italy, Mexico, and the United States. The lessons drawn from these countries will prepare you to analyze other countries of your own choosing in the paper assignments. At the end of the course, you should be able to analyze political events around the world, drawing on the theoretical explanations provided in the class.

17.55 Introduction to Latin American Studies (21A.430J) (21F.084J)

Themes include the social and political construction of ethnic identities, religions and religious experience, contested models of the nation and the state, revolution, bureaucratic authoritarianism and the military, human rights, democratization and market-oriented economic reform, the changing roles of women, and U.S.-Latin American relations. Basic background and texts include Peter Winn, "Americas: the Changing Face of Latin America and the Caribbean", the "Americas" video series, and a course reader. Format combines lecture and class discussion. Written assignments are analytical in nature. Guest Speakers.

17.57 Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society, 1917-Present (21H.467J)

Explores the political and historical evolution of Soviet and post-Soviet state and society from the Revolution of 1917 to the present. Organized around three main topics: 1) the creation of the Soviet state (with parallels to Putin’s Russia today); 2) the development of a Stalinist pattern of relations between state and society; and 3) the transformation of the Soviet system, its ultimate collapse, and rebirth as the Russian state under Yeltsin and Putin. We will read primary and secondary sources with some film clips and web exercises.

21A.100 Introduction to Anthropology

How does cultural anthropology challenge our assumptions about life and help us gain an appreciation for the cultural and ethnic diversity in which our lives are embedded? After a brief survey of the sub-fields – archaeology, biological anthropology and linguistics – the subject explores family and kinship structures, economics, political and ritual systems cross-culturally. Through case studies, films and discussions, we examine how colonization and economic globalization affect indigenous communities as well as shape relations between countries of the global North and South. We also study the practice and ethics of fieldwork and critically evaluate culturally relativistic perspectives against the growing demand for establishing universal standards of human rights.

21A.109 How Culture Works

This course explores the diverse meanings, uses, and abuses of the concept of culture using historical materials and contemporary examples from around the globe. The word ‘culture’ is used liberally to indicate practices, symbols and representations ranging from very specific attributions that a piece of clothing is a cultural practice to elusive claims that concern about the environment is a cultural tradition. Often, however, the word culture can stand for something like race, class, religion, and other ways in which people and groups differ. The course analyzes contemporary representations of ‘culture’ in popular media and scholarly disciplines (e.g., economics, political science, history, medicine, literary studies, sociology, and anthropology). Topics include but are not limited to discussions of molecularization of race, of the human body, human rights, indigenous movements, safety cultures, cultural capital, media, and consumer culture.
The course consists of interactive lectures, group discussions, films, and museums trips. Student projects will track culture through (i) representations in museums or other display contexts, (ii) interviews with non-native English speakers, and (iii) in different disciplines with respect to a single object, event, or practice. You can conduct field research in your own labs and departments to think about culture in more sophisticated terms.

21A.114 Black Matters: Introduction to Black Studies (21M.630J)

Interdisciplinary survey that explores the experiences of people of African descent through the overlapping approaches of history, literature, anthropology, legal studies, media studies, performance, linguistics, and creative writing. Connects the experiences of African Americans and of other American minorities, focusing on social, political, and cultural histories, and on linguistic patterns. Includes lectures, discussions, workshops, and required field trips that involve minimal cost to students.

21A.430 Introduction to Latin American Studies (17.55J)

21F.064 Introduction to Japanese Culture (meets with 21F.592)

This course relies on written materials from several genres, including works on Japanese history and culture, journalistic accounts of life in Japan, and works in translation (“The Pillow Book”, “47 Samurai”) as well as a wide range of multimedia. The media materials include documentary films (e.g., “The Japanese Version”), Japanese popular music, fictional films, and anime.

21F.076 Globalization: The Good, the Bad and the In-Between

21F.076 provides a global forum in which students who are immersed in different language courses can share their respective linguistic and cultural expertise. Through films, readings, audio files and team projects, students will develop: sensitivity to other cultures, understanding of their own cultures, analytical frameworks to contextualize contemporary debates on globalization, a sophisticated sense of today’s world in an intercultural communication and the basis for future study abroad, MISTI and PSC experiences. We study how Globalization shapes cultural identity, the politics of language, the media and world citizenship. Meets all CI and HASS-D criteria.

21F.084 Introduction to Latin American Studies (17.55J)

21F.592 Introduction to Japanese Culture (meets with 21F.064)

21H.106 Black Matters: Introduction to Black Studies (21M.630J)

21H.467 Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society, 1917-Present (17.57J)

21L.008 Black Matters: Introduction to Black Studies (21M.630J)

21M.630 Black Matters: Introduction to Black Studies (SP.417J) (21W.741J) (21A.114J) (21H.106J) (24.912J) (21L.008J)

21W.741 Black Matters: Introduction to Black Studies (21M.630J)

21W.784 Becoming Digital: Writing about Media Change

“Becoming Digital” traces the change in practice, theory and possibility as mechanical and chemical media are augmented or supplemented by digital media. These changes will be grounded in a semester length study of “reports from the front.” These reports are the material produced by and about soldiers and civilians on the battlefield from the introduction of wet photography during the Crimean and Civil Wars to contemporary digital content posted daily to Web 2.0 sites from areas such as Iraq and Afghanistan. Students will work through the issues raised by the primary content and secondary readings in four essays and two group projects, on using Processing and the other Inform 7.

24.912 Black Matters: Introduction to Black Studies (21M.630J)

SP.401 Introduction to Women's and Gender Studies

This class will introduce the student to several different frameworks for thinking about sex and gender, among other social categories--like race and class--across a variety of social and cultural contexts. We will consider the ways that gender functions in the arts, humanities, and social sciences, and how it interacts with race and class in the media and in the concrete reality of women's and men's lives. The class will focus on in-class discussions of the readings and on their application to the US and beyond.

SP.409 Women and Global Activism in Media and Politics

Through the study of novels, films, art, and critical essays, we consider how women redefine the notion of community, nation, and development internationally. We explore traditional values, social change, gender roles, identity formation, migration flows, globalization and development, popular culture and urban life, cyber-culture, activism, and human rights. We will consider the following questions: What is the relevance of western feminist critical thinking for Third-World literature or cinema? Is feminism western? How have Third-World Women been addressing and defining women's issues on their own terms?

SP.417 Black Matters: Introduction to Black Studies (21M.630J)

CMS.100 Introduction to Media Studies

Introduction to Media Studies is designed for students who have grown up in a rapidly changing global multimedia environment and want to become more literate and critical consumers and producers of culture. Through an interdisciplinary comparative and historical lens, the course defines “media” broadly as including oral, print, theatrical, photographic, broadcast, cinematic, and digital cultural forms and practices. The course looks at the nature of mediated communication, the functions of media, the history of transformations in media and the institutions that help define media’s place in society. Over the course of the semester we will explore theoretical debates about the role and power of media in society in influencing our social and cultural values and political beliefs. Students will also have the opportunity to analyze media texts, such as films and television shows, and explore the changes that occur when a particular narrative is adapted into different media forms. To represent different perspectives on media, several guest speakers from the MIT faculty will also present lectures. Through the readings, lectures, and discussions as well as their own writing, students will have the opportunity to engage with critical debates in the field as well as explore the role of media in their own lives.

STS.010 Neuroscience and Society

In recent decades, research in the field of neuroscience has spilled into the national media on a daily basis, suggesting new interventions and applications in social domains such as law, education, and economics, and challenging us to redefine our understandings of responsibility, choice, and what it is to be human. In this class we will think critically about the relationship between neuroscience and society. As a HASS-D/CI-H course, the emphasis is placed on oral and written communication. Active participation in a weekly recitation section is expected, and students will complete four written assignments (including a rewrite of the first paper).

Category 5
Historical Studies

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11.015 Riots, Strikes, and Conspiracies in American History (21H.104J)

This subject will examine closely a series of “middle-level” events (not major events like wars, nor smaller and often private ones such as marriages or deaths) that occurred over considerable periods of time and reveal a great deal about the times and places in which they occurred. From that exercise, students should develop a sense of historical change and learn how to analyze other, similar episodes. Events studied recently include the Boston Tea Party of 1773; the Anthony Burns case in Boston, which involved the capture of a fugitive slave, 1854; the Homestead Strike in Pennsylvania, 1892; and the Columbia Student Uprising of 1968. Students will study a fifth event of their choice and write a paper based upon their research. Assigned readings cover a variety of secondary and primary materials. Consistent preparation and class participation are essential since the subject is taught through discussions. The subject is a Communication Intensive course, and will therefore require that at least one of the first two of three required papers be rewritten.

14.70 Medieval Economic History in Comparative Perspective (21H.416J)

This course will draw from the methodologies of both history and economics to look broadly at those factors which contributed to the remarkable economic advances made in western Europe and its satellites by the eve of the Industrial Revolution. The readings, drawn from both primary and secondary sources, will range widely across time and space. In addition to material on medieval and early modern Europe, the reading will also include work on medieval Islamic trade, the North African economy through the 15th century, the integration of Central Asia into European networks, and Chinese overseas exploration. Students will be expected to write several short discussion or response papers and two longer analytical essays. Class participation is essential.

21H.001 How to Stage a Revolution

Explores fundamental questions about the causes and nature of revolutions. How do people overthrow their rulers? How do they establish new governments? Do radical upheavals require bloodshed, violence, or even terror? How have revolutionaries attempted to establish their ideals and realize their goals? We will look at a set of major political transformations throughout the world and across centuries to understand the meaning of revolution and evaluate its impact. Materials used include the writings of revolutionaries, declarations and constitutions, music, films, art, memoirs, and newspapers. We will focus on the late eighteenth-century revolution in France, the early twentieth-century revolution in Russia, and other case studies.

21H.102 American History since 1865

Between 1865 and the present, the United States has emerged as a dominant world power in politics, economics, and culture. This subject introduces the history of the United States during this period, with a special emphasis on political and cultural history. Readings will include both secondary historical accounts and primary texts such as political speeches, court cases, literature, music, and popular culture.

21H.104 Riots, Strikes, and Conspiracies in American History (11.015J)

21H.105 American Classics

This subject was designed to give students an opportunity to read and discuss a set of eloquent, important, and often-cited writings from the American past that they often have not read. The assigned works will include speeches, letters, memoirs, essays, novels, and maybe some videos or tapes. The selection, while eclectic, will turn on certain interwoven topics—rights, equality, and the documentary heritage of the Revolution; slavery, the Civil War and race; ambition, social mobility, and the costs of failure. Since this is a communication intensive subject, students will write three short papers of 3-5 pages in the course of the term (and rewrite at least one and more if their writing skills need honing) plus one longer paper (circa 8-10 pages) on a book or movie or other important work not regularly assigned. Students will also be asked to make short presentations on some sets of readings and/or to lead a discussion. Consistent attendance and participation is absolutely essential.

21H.301 The Ancient World: Greece

Ancient Greece is the laboratory of constitutions and this subject will stress how Greek cultural values were reflected in constitutional forms (democracy, oligarchy, tyranny) and how constitutional forms manifested themselves in relations between states. A range of magnificent primary sources - Homer, Herodotus, Thucydides, Plato and Aristophanes - will reveal how the Greeks looked at their world, and thus how they ordered their politics. Vital as well is an understanding of the paradoxical combination of Greece’s inhospitable geography with the incomparable richness of her culture, and an understanding of new methods of war on land and on sea, and of their effect upon politics and power.

21H.302 The Ancient World: Rome

This subject will trace the history of Rome from its origin as a modest city-state to its imperial dominance of the Mediterranean world, with particular emphasis on the impact (political, social, economic, and cultural) of the growth and maintenance of their vast territorial empire on the Romans themselves. We will examine several of the finest ancient sources in translation – Cicero, Livy, Tacitus, Suetonius, and Plutarch among others – as well as the archaeological and epigraphic record from Rome and the provinces of the empire. The subject will be taught through two hour-long lectures and one recitation per week.

21H.416 Medieval Economic History in Comparative Perspective (14.70J)

21H.421 Introduction to Environmental History

An overview of the last 500 years, focusing on the relation of Europeans and North Americans to the natural world - both at home and in their colonies. Illustrates three major themes: the globalization of the biological system, the impact of industrialization, and the increasing vulnerability of the environment. Readings will include both secondary and primary sources.

21H.433 The Age of Reason: Europe from the 17th to the Early 19th Centuries

The readings will come primarily from original texts and will touch upon the 17th and 18th century philosophical foundations of science; Enlightenment ideals; and the French and Haitian Revolutions and their nineteenth-century legacies. Examples of contemporary art and music, including a visit to Boston’s Museum of Fine Arts, will also occasionally serve as sources for discussion, and lectures will provide general background.

21H.504 East Asia in the World: 1500–2000 A.D.

This subject sweeps over large regions of time and space. It aims to put the contemporary discussion of globalization in historical perspective by examining the long-lasting interactions of East Asian countries with each other and the rest of the world. These connections were economic, political, cultural, and psychological. Topics include: global silver and trade flows, warfare and military technology, imperial domination and revolutionary resistance, and the role of historical memory, as in Nanjing or Hiroshima. Sources include historical documents, pictures, films, and memoirs.

21H.523 History of Modern Japan, 1853-2000

Examines Japan’s transformation from an isolated feudal society into a powerful empire, defeat in WWII, and postwar emergence as a global economic power. Will be taught in three units: 1) “Becoming Modern” looks at the various modernizing reforms adopted between 1868 and the 1920’s; 2) “Imperialism and War” focuses on the rise and fall of the Japanese empire; and 3) “The Long Postwar” addresses the U.S. occupation, “economic miracle,” and recent trends in society and popular culture. Extensive use of primary sources translated from Japanese and visual materials (including clips from Ikiru, Train Man).

21H.601 Islam, the Middle East, and the West

This course provides an overview in Middle Eastern history from the rise of Islam to the present, with an emphasis on the encounters and exchanges between the “Middle East” (Southwest Asia and North Africa) and the “West” (Europe and the U.S.). Using both primary and secondary sources (textbooks, literature, and films) we will examine selective events and moments: the flourishing of a Mediterranean culture and common grounds (Venice), violent confrontation and its memory (the Crusades), European hegemony and Orientalism (Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt), and broadly, the constant redefinition of physical and intellectual boundaries of both “East” and “West”.

21H.912 The World Since 1492

This course offers a basic historical survey of what has shaped our world today. It uses traditional and non-traditional examples to introduce historical processes around the world, including the conquest of the Aztecs, the French Revolution, industrialization, imperialism, and the rise of modern advertising. Making use of some of the most innovative historical research in recent years, we will analyze the effects of economic systems and national boundaries, and stress connections as well as conflicts among various parts of the world.

21W.746 Humanistic Perspectives on Medicine: From Ancient Greece to Modern America

This course is designed to explore the human side of medicine: the nature of the physician’s identity and obligations; the history and philosophy of the Western medical tradition; the experience of being ill and being a patient; and the global politics of Western medicine. The writing in this class is therefore conceived as an instrument of exploration, and is an integral part of the class’s activities. Readings will include texts from the Greek Hippocratic corpus, scholarly articles on the history of medicine, essays on medical ethics, and first-person accounts of illness.

STS.001 Technology in American History

Emphasizes how American social, political, economic, and cultural concerns have played a big role in shaping the sort of technology we see and experience around us. What functions have particular technologies played? In a roughly chronological manner, we will look at major technical innovations such as railroads, the factory system, interchangeable parts, electrification, aviation, automobiles, the assembly line, computers, and biotechnology, to name a few, examining not only the technical components of each but also the non-technical concerns of the time, such as labor unrest, market forces, the rise of scientific experts, ideology of progress, the environmental movement, modern advertising, and artistic expression in relation to technological change.

STS.002 Toward the Scientific Revolution

This subject follows the evolution of ideas about nature, and about how best to study and explain natural phenomena, beginning in antiquity, continuing through the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, and culminating in the Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries. A central theme of the subject is the conceptual relations joining diverse areas of inquiry: cosmology, natural history, physics, mathematics, medicine.

STS.003 The Rise of Modern Science

This subject introduces the history of modern science from antiquity to the present. Students consider the impacts of philosophy, art, magic, social structure and folk knowledge on the development of what has come to be called “science” in the Western tradition, including those fields today designated as physics, chemistry, biology, medicine and the earth sciences. Topics include life, death, environment, energy, matter and time. Students read original works by Aristotle, Vesalius, Newton, Lavoisier, Maxwell, Darwin and Einstein, among others. Primary documents are supplemented by secondary readings, artifact study and film and visual sources.

STS.005 Disease and Society in America

Why do we get sick? Why do some people get sick while others stay healthy? What do people do once they are sick? These might seem like medical questions, but they are actually perfect questions for historians. The distribution of disease, the impact of medical treatments, and societal responses to disease are all crucial phenomena that have changed dramatically over the past 400 years. We will study the changing patterns of disease and medical treatments to see what lessons we can learn that are relevant for contemporary problems in disease and health policy.

HASS-D Course Descriptions

Category 1 Literary and Textual Studies

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21F.022 International Women's Voices (SP.461J)

21F.311 Introduction to French Culture

21F.716 Introduction to Contemporary Hispanic Literature and Film

21L.003 Reading Fiction

21L.004 Reading Poetry

21L.006 American Literature

21L.007 World Literatures

21L.009 Shakespeare

21L.012 Forms of Western Narrative

21L.421 Comedy

21W.735 Writing and Reading the Essay

21W.775 Writing about Nature and Environmental Issues

SP.461 International Women's Voices (21F.022J)

Category 2 Language, Thought and Value

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9.48 Philosophical Issues in Brain Science (24.08J)

17.01 Justice (24.04J)

21F.059 Paradigms of European Thought and Culture

21L.001 Foundations of Western Culture: Homer to Dante

21L.002 Foundations of Western Culture: The Making of the Modern World

21L.017 The Art of the Probable

21L.448 Darwin and Design (21W.739J)

21W.739 Darwin and Design (21L.448J)

21W.747 Rhetoric

24.00 Problems of Philosophy

24.01 Classics of Western Philosophy

24.02 Moral Problems and the Good Life

24.04 Justice (17.01J)

24.06 Bioethics (STS.006J)

24.08 Philosophical Issues in Brain Science (9.48J)

24.09 Minds and Machines

24.900 Introduction to Linguistics

STS.006 Bioethics (24.06J)

STS.011 American Science: Ethical Conflicts and Political Choices

Category 3 Visual and Performing Arts

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4.301 Introduction to Visual Arts

4.601 Introduction to Art History

4.602 Modern Art and Mass Culture

4.605 Introduction to the History and Theory of Architecture

4.614 Religious Architecture and Islamic Cultures

21A.113 The Supernatural in Music, Literature and Culture (21M.013J)

21L.005 Introduction to Drama

21L.011 The Film Experience

21L.013 The Supernatural in Music, Literature and Culture (21M.013J)

21L.016 Learning from the Past: Drama, Science, Performance (meets with 21M.616)

21L.423 Folk Music of the British Isles and North America (21M.223J)

21M.011 Introduction to Western Music

21M.013 The Supernatural in Music, Literature and Culture (21L.013J) (21A.113J)

21M.030 Introduction to World Music

21M.065 Introduction to Musical Composition

21M.223 Folk Music of the British Isles and North America (21L.423J)

21M.226 Jazz

21M.301 Harmony and Counterpoint I

21M.611 Foundations of Theater Practice

21M.616 Learning from the Past: Drama, Science, Performance (meets with 21L.016)

21M.617 Science and the Theatrical Imagination

21M.621 Theater and Cultural Diversity in the US (SP.595J)

21M.670 Traditions in American Concert Dance: Gender and Autobiography (SP.591J)

SP.591 Traditions in American Concert Dance: Gender and Autobiography (21M.670J)

Category 4 Cultural and Social Studies

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3.986 The Human Past: Introduction to Archaeology

11.002 Making Public Policy (17.30J)

14.63 The American Labor Force in a Changing Economy

14.72 Capitalism and Its Critics

17.20 Introduction to the American Political Process

17.30 Making Public Policy (11.002J)

17.40 American Foreign Policy: Past, Present, and Future

17.42 Causes and Prevention of War

17.50 Introduction to Comparative Politics

17.55 Introduction to Latin American Studies (21A.430J) (21F.084J)

17.57 Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society, 1917-Present (21H.467J)

21A.100 Introduction to Anthropology

21A.109 How Culture Works

21A.114 Black Matters: Introduction to Black Studies (21M.630J)

21A.430 Introduction to Latin American Studies (17.55J)

Category 1
Literary and Textual Studies

Category 2
Language, Thought and Value

Category 3
Visual and Performing Arts

Category 4
Cultural and Social Studies

Category 5
Historical Studies